Quarrying

A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted. Quarries are generally used for extracting building materials, such as dimension stone, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, and gravel. They are often collocated with concrete and asphalt plants due to the requirement for large amounts of aggregate in those materials. The word quarry can include underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone.

Contents 1 Problems 1.1 Quarry swimming 2 Types of rock 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

Problems

Quarries in level areas with shallow groundwater or which are located close to surface water often have engineering problems with drainage. Generally the water is removed by pumping while the quarry is operational, but for high inflows more complex approaches may be required. For example, the Coquina quarry is excavated to more than 60 feet (18 m) below sea level. To reduce surface leakage, a moat lined with clay was constructed around the entire quarry. Ground water entering the pit is pumped up into the moat. As a quarry becomes deeper water inflows generally increase and it also becomes more expensive to lift the water higher during removal – this can become the limiting factor in quarry depth. Some water-filled quarries are worked from beneath the water, by dredging.

Many people and municipalities consider quarries to be eyesores and require various abatement methods to address problems with noise, dust, and appearance. One of the more effective and famous examples of successful quarry restoration is Butchart Gardens in Victoria, BC, Canada.

Many quarries naturally fill with water after abandonment and become lakes. Others are made into landfills.

Quarry swimming

Water-filled quarries can be very deep with water, often 50 feet or more, that is often surprisingly cold. Unexpectedly cold water can cause a swimmer’s muscles to suddenly weaken; it can also cause shock and even hypothermia.^[1] Though quarry water is often very clear, submerged quarry stones and abandoned equipment make diving into these quarries extremely dangerous. Several teenagers and young men and women drown in quarries each year.^[2][3] However, many inactive quarries are converted into safe swimming sites.

Types of rock

Types of rock extracted from quarries include:

• Chalk
• China clay
• Cinder
• Clay
• Coal
• Construction aggregate (sand and gravel)
• Coquina
• Granite
• Gritstone
• Gypsum
• Limestone
• Marble
• Ores
• Phosphate rock
• Sandstone
• Slate

See also

• Clay pit
• Coal mining
• Collecting fossils
• Gravel pit
• List of minerals
• List of rock types
• List of stones
• Miner
• Mountaintop removal mining
• Quarries (biblical)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Quarries

References

External links

v · d · eMining techniques Surface Open-pit · Quarrying · Strip · Placer · Mountaintop removal Sub-surface Drift · Slope · Shaft · Hard rock · Soft rock · Borehole · Room and pillar · Longwall · Retreat

v · d · eStonemasonry Types Masonry  • Ashlar  • Monumental  • Rubble  • Carving  • Sculpture Materials List of stone  • Artificial stone  • Brick  • Cast stone  • Decorative stones  • Dimension stone  • Fieldstone  • Flagstone  • Gabions  • Granite  • Marble  • Mortar  • Sandstone  • Slate Tools Angle grinder  • Bush hammer  • Ceramic tile cutter  • Chisel  • Diamond blade  • Lewis (lifting appliance)  • Non-explosive demolition agents  • Plug and feather  • Stonemason’s hammer  • Straight edge Techniques Knapping  • Flushwork  • Repointing  • Scabbling  • Tuckpointing Products Hardstone carving  • Gravestone  • Mosaic  • Sculpture  • Stone wall Organizations International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers  • Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland  • Mason Contractors Association of America  • Operative Plasterers’ and Cement Masons’ International Association  • Worshipful Company of Masons

 

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